Everything below concerns GW501516. We keep the language plain, cite what the science says, and separate well-supported claims from open questions.
Updated 2025-08-02. Numbers and descriptions here follow the published literature rather than marketing material.
At the molecular level, GW501516 binds and activates PPARδ, a nuclear receptor that regulates transcription. Activation shifts expression of genes involved in fatty acid oxidation, energy expenditure, and lipid transport in skeletal muscle and liver. Animal studies report increased endurance and altered lipid profiles after exposure. Human data are limited to small trials and do not establish long-term safety or efficacy. PPARδ also has roles in cell proliferation, so the relationship between activation and cancer risk remains an open question.
Published literature on cardarine includes in vitro assays, rodent experiments, and a small number of human studies. Reports describe effects on exercise capacity and lipid metabolism in animals, while human evidence is sparse. Many online descriptions present the compound as a proven endurance aid, a claim not supported by regulatory approval or large clinical trials. Analytical studies focus on identifying the parent compound and its metabolites in biological samples. Important uncertainties include species differences, dose-response relationships, and the relevance of rodent tumor findings to humans.
Legal status varies by country. In some places, cardarine is controlled under medicines or psychoactive substances laws; in others, it may be sold with minimal oversight as a research chemical. Customs agencies have intercepted shipments, and several national health agencies have issued warnings about products marketed for bodybuilding or performance enhancement. The lack of a standardized pharmaceutical supply means identity, purity, and contamination levels can differ widely between samples. These factors make cardarine a regulatory and public health concern rather than a conventional prescription drug.
Cardarine is a common name for GW501516, a synthetic compound first described in the 1990s as a selective agonist of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta. It was studied in preclinical models for metabolic and cardiovascular conditions, but it has not been approved as a medicine in the United States, Europe, or other major jurisdictions. Retail products labeled as cardarine are generally research chemicals or supplements, not pharmaceutical formulations. Because human safety and efficacy data remain limited, regulatory agencies treat it as an unapproved substance rather than a therapeutic product.
Sporting authorities added GW501516 to prohibited lists after it appeared in athlete samples and online markets. The World Anti-Doping Agency classifies it as a hormone and metabolic modulator, and its use can lead to an anti-doping rule violation. Some early laboratory work suggested effects on fatty acid oxidation and endurance-related metabolism in animals, but those findings do not establish safe or effective use in people. Reports of adverse events in humans are scarce and often anecdotal, which complicates risk assessment.
| Property | Value | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Common name | Cardarine | Also called GW501516 and endurobol. |
| Chemical formula | C21H18F3NO3S2 | Molecular weight about 453.5 g/mol. |
| Appearance | White to off-white solid | Form depends on synthesis and purity. |
| Solubility | Soluble in DMSO and ethanol | Low solubility in water. |
| Typical storage | -20 °C, desiccated, protected from light | Common for research chemicals. |
Because cardarine is not an approved medicine, no pharmacopeial monograph defines its identity, purity, or storage requirements. Laboratories typically rely on in-house methods and reference standards when testing materials labeled as GW501516. Certificates of analysis may report purity and identity for a specific batch, but their scope varies and they do not guarantee safety or legal status. Independent verification can include high-performance liquid chromatography, mass spectrometry, nuclear magnetic resonance, and elemental analysis. The distinction between research chemical labeling and human use is significant because quality standards and oversight differ.
Cardarine can be detected in biological samples and product materials using liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The method separates compounds by chromatography and identifies them by mass-to-charge transitions, allowing low-level detection in urine or blood. Sample preparation often involves enzymatic hydrolysis, solid-phase extraction, or protein precipitation. Certified reference materials and isotope-labeled internal standards improve quantification. Detection windows depend on metabolism, matrix, and assay sensitivity, so no single universal window applies.
Anti-doping laboratories detect GW501516 and its metabolites using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Urine is the most common matrix, though blood and dried blood spots may also be used in some programs. Detection depends on factors such as dose, timing, metabolism, and the sensitivity of the assay. Published methods describe limits of detection in the low nanogram per milliliter range for related compounds. Exact detection windows are not fixed for all situations and remain an area of ongoing study.
Products sold as cardarine have been found to contain incorrect compounds, variable amounts, or no active ingredient at all. Independent testing is required to verify identity and purity. Common analytical approaches include high-performance liquid chromatography, mass spectrometry, and nuclear magnetic resonance for structural confirmation. These methods can distinguish GW501516 from related PPAR agonists and from unrelated steroids. For regulators and researchers, such verification is central to interpreting both biological results and adverse event reports.
Cardarine is prohibited in competitive sport under the World Anti-Doping Agency code, where it is classified as a metabolic modulator. It is not approved as a prescription medicine in the United States, European Union, or other major markets. Regulatory action has focused on its presence in sports and in products marketed as research chemicals. Because it has no accepted medical indication, supply is often unregulated. This status creates legal and safety uncertainties for anyone who encounters the substance.
Vitamin K is absorbed along with dietary fat from the small intestine and transported by chylomicrons in the circulation. Most of vitamin K1 is carried by triacylglycerol-rich lipoproteins (TRL) and rapidly cleared by the liver; only a small amount is released into the circulation and carried by LDL-C and HDL-C. MK-4 is carried by the same lipoproteins (TRL, LDL-C, and HDL-C) and cleared fast as well. The long-chain menaquinones are absorbed in the same way as vitamin K1 and MK-4 but are efficiently redistributed by the liver in predominantly LDL-C (VLDL-C). Since LDL-C has a long half-life in the circulation, these menaquinones can circulate for extended times resulting in higher bioavailability for extra-hepatic tissues as compared to vitamin K1 and MK-4. Accumulation of vitamin K in extra-hepatic tissues has direct relevance to vitamin K functions not related to hemostasis.
Franz Joseph died in the Schönbrunn Palace on the evening of 21 November 1916, at the age of 86. His final words to his valet were: "Tomorrow morning, at half past three." Although sick, he was determined to rise at his usual time. His death was a result of developing pneumonia of the right lung several days after catching a cold while walking in Schönbrunn Park with King Ludwig III of Bavaria. He was succeeded by his grandnephew Charles I & IV, who reigned until the collapse of the empire following its defeat at the end of the First World War in 1918. He is buried in the Imperial Crypt in Vienna.
==== MeSH D12.776.964.970.600 – nucleocapsid proteins ==== MeSH D12.776.964.970.600.550 – capsid proteins MeSH D12.776.964.970.600.850 – viral core proteins MeSH D12.776.964.970.600.850.350 – gene products, gag MeSH D12.776.964.970.600.850.350.325 – fusion proteins, gag-pol MeSH D12.776.964.970.600.850.350.400 – hiv core protein p24 MeSH D12.776.964.970.600.850.375 – gene products, pol (gene) MeSH D12.776.964.970.600.850.375.325 – fusion proteins, gag-pol MeSH D12.776.964.970.600.850.375.335 – hiv integrase MeSH D12.776.964.970.600.850.375.340 – HIV protease MeSH D12.776.964.970.600.850.375.750 – RNA-directed DNA polymerase MeSH D12.776.964.970.600.850.375.750.375 – hiv-1 reverse transcriptase
Public health advisories to prevent fentanyl misuse and fatal overdose have been issued by the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). An initial HAN Advisory, also known as a Health Alert Network Advisory ("provides vital, time-sensitive information for a specific incident or situation; warrants immediate action or attention by health officials, laboratorians, clinicians, and members of the public; and conveys the highest level of importance") was issued during October 2015. A subsequent HAN Alert was issued in July 2018, warning of rising numbers of deaths due to fentanyl abuse and mixing with non-opioids. A December 2020 HAN Advisory warned of:
== Description == It is an annual plant that grows 1 to 3 metres (3 to 10 feet) high and is sticky haired on all parts. The stems are thick and not very branched. The leaves can be over 50 centimetres (1 ft 8 in) long with the blades ovate to elliptical, or obovate, pointed towards the front and, at the base, run down the stem or are sessile, encompassing the stem. The scented inflorescences are multi-branched panicles. The flower stalks are 5 to 15 millimetres (3⁄16 to 9⁄16 in) long. The calyx is 12 to 18 millimetres (1⁄2 to 11⁄16 in) and is covered with uneven 4 to 8 mm (3⁄16 to 5⁄16 in) narrow pointed calyx lobes shorter than the calyx tube. The crown is plate-shaped, the coronet is white, pink or red, the corolla tube greenish-cream, pink or red. The corolla tube has a total length of 3.5 to 4.5 cm (1+3⁄8 to 1+3⁄4 in) and is 3 to 5 mm (1⁄8 to 3⁄16 in) wide in the lower part and widens to 7 to 12 mm (1⁄4 to 1⁄2 in) in the upper part. The coronet is lobed or pentagonal. The stamens are designed unevenly and start below the center of the corolla tube. The anthers of the four longer stamens are close to the opening of the corolla tube or are slightly above it. The fifth stamen is significantly shorter than both longer pairs. The stamens have a length of 2.5 to 3.5 cm (1 to 1+3⁄8 in), significantly longer than the anthers, and are hairy at the base. The fruit is a 1.5 to 2 cm (9⁄16 to 13⁄16 in) long capsule that is narrowly elliptical-to-egg-shaped. It can stand out over the calyx or be enclosed by it.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
. These are the number of people in the susceptible, infected and removed categories at time equals zero. If the SIR model is assumed to hold at all times, these initial conditions are not independent. Subsequently, the flow model updates the three variables for every time point with set values for
28 April: Education Minister Erica Stanford announces that the New Zealand Government will invest $53 million in covering teachers' registration and practising certificate fees over the next three years. The Ministry for Primary Industries lifts biosecurity restrictions at a Mainland Poultry farm in Otago where the H7N6 avian influenza strain was detected in late 2024. 29 April: Mayor of Wellington Tory Whanau confirms she will not contest the 2025 Wellington mayoral election and endorses Andrew Little. Fonterra confirms it will close its Hamilton canning and packing facility in July 2025, affecting 120 jobs. 30 April: New Zealand–Philippines relations: Defence Minister Judith Collins signs a visiting forces agreement with her Philippine counterpart, Gilbert Teodoro, in Manila. Education Minister Erica Stanford and Finance Minister Nicola Willis confirm that the NZ Government will introduce financial literacy into the primary school curriculum from 2027. Justice Minister Paul Goldsmith announces that the NZ Government will reinstate a blanket ban on prisoners voting.
=== Semi-empirical potentials === Semi-empirical potentials make use of the matrix representation from quantum mechanics. However, the values of the matrix elements are found through empirical formulae that estimate the degree of overlap of specific atomic orbitals. The matrix is then diagonalized to determine the occupancy of the different atomic orbitals, and empirical formulae are used once again to determine the energy contributions of the orbitals. There are a wide variety of semi-empirical potentials, termed tight-binding potentials, which vary according to the atoms being modeled.
However, up to 10% of cases are due to a new mutation. Expansion of CAG repeats (known as a trinucleotide repeat expansion) in the gene coding for the huntingtin protein results in an abnormal mutant protein (mHTT), which gradually damages brain cells through a number of possible mechanisms. The mutant protein is dominant, so having one parent who is a carrier of the trait is sufficient to trigger the disease in their children. Diagnosis is by genetic testing, which can be carried out at any time, regardless of whether or not symptoms are present. This fact raises several ethical debates: the age at which an individual is considered mature enough to choose testing; whether parents have the right to have their children tested; and managing confidentiality and disclosure of test results. No cure for HD is known, and full-time care is required in the later stages. Treatments can relieve some symptoms and possibly improve quality of life. The best evidence for treatment of the movement problems is with tetrabenazine. HD affects about 4 to 15 in 100,000 people of European descent. It is rare among the Finnish and the Japanese, while the incidence in Africa is unknown. The disease affects males and females equally. Complications such as pneumonia, heart disease, and physical injury from falls reduce life expectancy; fatal aspiration pneumonia is commonly cited as the ultimate cause of death for those with the condition. Suicide is the cause of death in about 9% of cases. Death typically occurs 15–20 years from when the disease was first detected.
=== Surgical drain technique === In extreme cases of intractable CSF leak, a surgical lumbar drain has been used. This procedure is believed to decrease spinal CSF volume while increasing intracranial CSF pressure and volume. This procedure restores normal intracranial CSF volume and pressure while promoting the healing of dural tears by lowering the pressure and volume in the dura. This procedure has led to positive results leading to relief of symptoms for up to one year.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
== Overdose == The clinical presentation in overdose cases can vary but typically includes neurological, cardiovascular, and gastrointestinal manifestations. The predominant neurological symptoms are seizures and altered levels of consciousness, ranging from somnolence to coma. Seizures are particularly notable due to tramadol's lowering of the seizure threshold, occurring in approximately half of acute poisoning cases. Patients often exhibit tachycardia and mild hypertension. Gastrointestinal disturbances such as nausea and vomiting are common, and agitation, anxiety, and cold and clammy skin may also be present. While less common, severe complications like respiratory depression and serotonin syndrome can occur, particularly in polydrug overdoses involving other CNS depressants (such as benzodiazepines, opioids, and alcohol) and agents with serotonergic activity. Additionally, individuals with genetic variations leading to CYP2D6 enzyme duplication (rapid metabolizers) may have an increased risk of adverse effects, due to faster conversion of tramadol to its active metabolite. Acute tramadol overdose is generally not life-threatening, with most fatalities resulting from polysubstance overdose. Management includes cardiovascular monitoring, activated charcoal administration, hydration, and treatment of seizures. Naloxone, an opioid antagonist, can partially reverse some effects of tramadol overdose, particularly respiratory depression.
21 January The White House issues National Security Study Memorandum 1 to the U.S. Ambassador in Saigon, the Joint Chiefs of Staff and Military Assistance Command Vietnam (MACV) "to develop an agreed evaluation of the situation in Vietnam as a basis for making policy decisions."
== Publication == Acharya B, Acharya A, Gautam S, Ghimire SP, Mishra G, Parajuli N; et al. (2020). "Advances in diagnosis of Tuberculosis: an update into molecular diagnosis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis". Mol Biol Rep. 47 (5): 4065–4075. doi:10.1007/s11033-020-05413-7. PMID 32248381.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) Acharya B, Meka RR, Venkatesha SH, Lees JR, Teesalu T, Moudgil KD (2020). "A novel CNS-homing peptide for targeting neuroinflammatory lesions in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis". Mol Cell Probes. 51 101530. doi:10.1016/j.mcp.2020.101530. PMC 7245014. PMID 32035108.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) Meka RR, Venkatesha SH, Dudics S, Acharya B, Moudgil KD (2015). "IL-27-induced modulation of autoimmunity and its therapeutic potential". Autoimmun Rev. 14 (12): 1131–1141. doi:10.1016/j.autrev.2015.08.001. PMC 4628569. PMID 26253381.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) Venkatesha SH, Dudics S, Acharya B, Moudgil KD (2014). "Cytokine-modulating strategies and newer cytokine targets for arthritis therapy". Int J Mol Sci. 16 (1): 887–906. doi:10.3390/ijms16010887. PMC 4307281. PMID 25561237.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) Meka RR, Venkatesha SH, Acharya B, Moudgil KD (2019). "Peptide-targeted liposomal delivery of dexamethasone for arthritis therapy". Nanomedicine (Lond). 14 (11): 1455–1469. doi:10.2217/nnm-2018-0501. PMC 6613046.
Functional or homology screening strategies have been used to identify genes that produce small bioactive molecules. Functional metagenomic studies are designed to search for specific phenotypes that are associated with molecules with specific characteristics. Homology metagenomic studies, on the other hand, are designed to examine genes to identify conserved sequences that are previously associated with the expression of biologically active molecules. Functional metagenomic studies enable the discovery of novel genes that encode biologically active molecules. These assays include top agar overlay assays where antibiotics generate zones of growth inhibition against test microbes, and pH assays that can screen for pH change due to newly synthesized molecules using pH indicator on an agar plate. Substrate-induced gene expression screening (SIGEX), a method to screen for the expression of genes that are induced by chemical compounds, has also been used to search for genes with specific functions. Homology-based metagenomic studies have led to a fast discovery of genes that have homologous sequences as the previously known genes that are responsible for the biosynthesis of biologically active molecules. As soon as the genes are sequenced, scientists can compare thousands of bacterial genomes simultaneously. The advantage over functional metagenomic assays is that homology metagenomic studies do not require a host organism system to express the metagenomes, thus this method can potentially save the time spent on analyzing nonfunctional genomes.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
Cardarine is a common name for the investigational compound GW501516. It acts as a PPARδ agonist and is not approved for human use. It is prohibited in sport.
It activates PPARδ, a nuclear receptor that influences gene expression related to lipid and energy metabolism. Animal studies show changes in endurance and lipid levels. Human effects and risks are not well established.
No, cardarine is not a steroid. It belongs to a different chemical class, the PPARδ agonists. It is also not a selective androgen receptor modulator.
No. Major drug regulators have not approved GW501516 for treating any medical condition. Products sold as cardarine are typically unapproved research chemicals or supplements, so their contents and safety are not assured.